Cytotoxic and proinflammatory response of RAW 264.7 cells to differentially fractionated fungal fragments

Although significant research has been carried out for studying the impacts of pure mycotoxins on human cell, little information is known about the direct effects of fungal submicron particles. In this report, murine macrophage RAW 264.7 cells were exposed to fungal extracts from Stachybotrys chartarum RTI 5802 and Aspergillus versicolor RTI 3843 as well as mixtures from both fungi with fragment sizes ranging from 0.25 to 1?µm. Cell viability was found to be unaffected by all extracts except fragments in the 0.5–1?µm size range from A. versicolor RTI 3843, which decreased cell viability by approximately 60%. IL-1β expression was generally upregulated following exposure to fungal extracts from either S. chartarum RTI 5802 or A. versicolor RTI 3843. However, when extracts from the mixture of both fungi were introduced, IL-1β expression was downregulated. IL-6 and IL-10 expression were also generally upregulated. In comparison to the findings in the literature about the effects of pure mycotoxins on RAW 264.7 cells, the results presented herein show different patterns on mRNA expression which may be a result of the complex composition of the extract in terms of both mycotoxins and other fungal materials in addition to the potential interplay of the different components.     

蒽降解菌烟曲霉A10的分离及降解性能研究

从污染环境中筛选出1株蒽降解菌A10,经鉴定为烟曲霉（Aspergillus fumigatus）,其对蒽的降解率随时间的延长逐渐升高,在12～84 h,蒽降解率增长速率较快;此后降解率的增加趋于平缓,最终（168 h）能够达到83%左右.当无机盐培养液中蒽初始浓度为10 mg/L,A10投菌量为50 g/L（以湿重计）,菌龄为36 h时, 5 d内蒽降解率为79.37%.蒽浓度对菌发挥降解作用有较大影响,浓度为5 mg/L时,降解率最高,达92.17%.培养液初始pH为5.0～7.5时,降解率维持在60%左右;温度为30℃、氧气量为4.30 mg/L时蒽降解效果较好.一定量的营养盐的添加能在一定程度上促进蒽的降解.共代谢底物乳糖的添加,能使蒽的降解率提高37.15%.对蒽降解过程的初步研究表明,菌株A10对蒽的降解是一个胞外吸附/胞内降解的动态变化过程.红外光谱分析显示,在微生物作用下,蒽的结构发生改变,生成了含有1～2个苯环的芳香酸、芳香酮、芳香醛和饱和碳氢化合物等一系列降解产物.     

硅酸盐细菌脱硅处理对垃圾焚烧飞灰生物淋滤效果的影响

从土壤中分离筛选到1株硅酸盐细菌SDB6,经鉴定为胶质芽孢杆菌.探讨了氮源、初始pH值、温度、转速以及装液量对菌体生长的影响,并对影响因素进行正交优化,得到最佳培养条件为:质量浓度10 g/L酵母粉为氮源,250 mL锥形瓶中装液量为50 mL,初始pH值7.5,温度30℃,转速180 r/min.利用1株耐重金属黑曲霉AS 3.879M对原始飞灰和SDB6脱硅处理后的飞灰进行生物淋滤处理20 d,对比分析淋滤液中有机酸浓度、溶出金属浓度以及处理后飞灰的浸出毒性.结果表明,与未脱硅飞灰相比,脱硅与生物淋滤组合处理后的飞灰中金属溶出效果显著提高.Cu、Mn、Cr、Zn以及Fe的溶出率分别达到了31%、75%、60%、60%和48%,飞灰中50%的金属(Cd、Cr、Cu、Fe、Mn、Pb、Zn)被浸出.处理后飞灰浸出毒性远低于国家标准,可以安全地进入填埋场或进行资源化利用.     

CMC固定化灭活烟曲霉小球吸附活性艳蓝KN-R——批式实验与热力学

利用羧甲基纤维素钠(CMC)固定化灭活烟曲霉小球对活性艳蓝KN-R溶液进行吸附脱色实验,考察了不同条件下对103.4mg·L-1活性艳蓝KN-R的吸附效果,探讨了吸附热力学.结果表明,48h内对103.4mg·L-1活性艳蓝KN-R溶液达到吸附平衡.对于吸附溶液最佳初始pH值为10.5.温度在10℃～50℃范围内时,温度越高,吸附量越大此外,CMC固定化灭活烟曲霉小球投加量为1%～5%时,随着投加量的增加吸附率由54.2%逐步增加到94.9%,而吸附量由54.7mg·g-1逐步降低到19.6mg·g-1.较高的盐度对吸附量的影响不大,NaCl浓度从0%增至3%时,吸附量仅下降了5.6mg·g-1.10℃～50℃温度范围内的热力学参数焓变(△H)值为15.343kJ·mol·K-1、熵变(△S)值为0.0607kJ·mol-1·K-1,自由能变(△G)值小于0.因此,CMC固定化灭活烟曲霉小球吸附活性艳蓝KN-R的过程是一个自发进行的吸热过程,吸附过程中染料分子在固/液界面随意运动性能增加不大     

烟曲霉菌吸附染料的解吸及其机理

研究了烟曲霉(Aspergillus fumigatus)生长菌体吸附染料后的解吸情况及其机理。结果表明,吸附有直接染料或活性染料的生长菌体在甲醇体系中均有相当高的解析率;解吸剂溶液的酸碱性对解吸率有很大影响,酸性环境下解吸受到抑制,而碱性环境可显著提高解吸速度和解吸率;初始温度对解吸的影响较小,温度升高,解吸率有所降低;解吸剂用量较少,只需少量解吸剂,吸附在生长菌体中的染料就可比较彻底的解吸出来。采用甲醇解吸吸附有活性艳蓝KN-R的生长菌体的作用机理为,甲醇和染料分子中的磺酸基发生了放热反应,生成了磺酸甲酯。吸附有活性艳蓝KN-R的生长菌体在甲醇体系中的解吸符合一级指数衰减模型,解吸初始阶段,反应速度较快;反应中后期,甲醇要突破缠绕致密的菌丝球和生物膜的障碍才能和染料相接触,因而反应速度较慢。吸附有染料的生长菌体在采用甲醇解吸出吸附在其上的染料后,仍可接入到染料体系中对其进行吸附脱色,且可连续使用3次以上。     

Isolates identification and characteristics of microorganisms in biotrickling filter and biofilter system treating H2S and NH3

A combination system of biotrickling filter （BTF） and biofilter （BF）, adopting surfactant-modified clinoptilolite and surfactant- modified wood chip as the media respectively, was applied to treat H2S and NH3 simultaneously. The identification and sole carbon sources utilization patterns of isolates in the combination system were studied by Biolog system. The isolates were identified as Bacillus sphaericus, Geobacillus themoglucosidasius （55℃） and Micrococcus luteus （ATCC 9341） in BTF, and Aspergillus sydowii （Bainier ＆ Sartory） Thom＆ Church in BE Among 95 substrate classes supplied by Biolog system, the carboxylic acids and methyl esters had the highest utilization extent for the four species, followed by the amino acids and peptides. The descending sequence of carbon sources utilization capability of isolates was A. sydowii （52.6%）, M. luteus （39.5%）, B. sphaericus （21.6%）, and G. thermoglucosidasius （17.7%）.     

Tolerance and biosorption of copper （Cu） and lead （Pb） by filamentous fungi isolated from a freshwater ecosystem

Filamentous fungi are able to accumulate significant amount of metals from their environment. The potential of fungal biomass as agents for biosorption of heavy metals from contaminated sediments is currently receiving attention. In the present study, a total of 41 isolates of filamentous fungi obtained from the sediment of the Langat River, Selangor, Malaysia were screened for their tolerance and uptake capability of copper (Cu) and lead (Pb). The isolates were identified as Aspergillus niger, A. fumigatus, Trichoderma asperellum, Penicillium simplicissimum and P. janthinellum. A. niger and P. simplicissimum, were able to survive at 1000 mg/L of Cu(II) concentration on Potato Dextrose Agar (PDA) while for Pb, only A. niger survived at 5000 mg/L concentration. The results showed that A. niger, P. simplicissimum and T. asperellum have a better uptake capacity for Pb compared to Cu and the findings indicated promising biosorption of Cu and Pb by these filamentous fungi from aqueous solution. The present study was also determined the maximum removal of Cu(II) and Pb(II) that was performed by A. niger. The metal removal which occurred at Cu(II) 200 mg/L was (20.910 0.581) mg/g and at 250 mg/L of Pb(II) was (54.046 0.328) mg/g.     

Aspergillus tubingensis介导植酸盐水解促进U(VI)-PO43-生物矿化

从广东某铀尾矿库水下沉积物中分离筛选出了一株能水解植酸盐的真菌M5-1,对其菌落形态、ITS序列、最适生长pH值、对铀的耐受性及其水解植酸盐的效果进行了分析,随后对M5-1生物矿化铀过程中pH值、正磷酸盐浓度、铀浓度、铀去除率的变化进行了监测,对矿化产物的主要元素和矿物组成进行了分析.证实了真菌M5-1为Aspergillus tubingensis（MH978623）,其最适生长pH值范围为6~7,对铀（~0.84mmol/L）具有较强的耐受性;Aspergillus tubingensis介导植酸盐水解促进U（VI）-PO₄^3-矿化62d后,铀的去除率达95.2%;Aspergillus tubingensis介导U（VI）-PO₄^3-矿化过程中可能形成了难溶的氢铀云母和变钠铀云母矿物.结果表明,Aspergillus tubingensis能有效水解植酸盐释放可溶性正磷酸盐,从而促进U（VI）-PO₄^3-矿化.研究结果为采用Aspergillus tubingensis介导植酸盐水解原位修复铀污染地表水提供了试验依据.     

不同陈化烟叶叶面高温微生物多样性

以国内外不同品种、不同陈化时间的10个烟叶样品为材料,对其叶面高温微生物进行了分离纯化、鉴定和多样性研究,以了解表面高温微生物在烟叶陈化发酵中的作用.结果表明:陈化烟叶表面高温菌总量为103~105个/g,高温细菌占绝对优势,真菌很少,未能分离到放线菌和酵母菌;高温细菌主要包括芽孢杆菌属(Bacillus)和地芽孢杆菌属(Geobacillus)两个属,芽孢杆菌属为优势菌属;高温霉菌主要包括青霉属(Penicillium)和曲霉属(Aspergillus),曲霉属为优势菌属.国内外烟叶表面微生物种类和数量有所差异,与陈化时间和烟叶品种等因素有着密切关系.